Treatment of Benign enlargement of prostate

Treatment of Benign enlargement of prostate

Treatment of BEP

Lifestyle: Benign enlargement of prostate victims should reduce the rates at which they take in fluids a few hours to bedtime, reduce the amounts of alcohol and caffeine intakes and observe their voiding time schedules strictly.

Medications: There are two main types of medication that can be used to manage BPH and these include 5α-reductase inhibitors and alpha blockers.

Alpha blockers: These types of medication are the most commonly used as the first therapy in the United States and Europe. These drugs include terazosin, doxazosin, silodosin, tamsulosin and alfuzosin and are believed to

Morphology of Benign enlargement of prostate

Morphology of Benign enlargement of prostate

Morphology of BEP

Benign enlargement of prostate involves the hyperplasia of the prostatic epithelial and stromal cells which result into the development of large, slightly discrete nodules inside the periurethral area of the prostate.  When these cells are sufficiently enlarged, they force the nodules to exert pressure on the urethral canal causing slight, or at times complete urethra obstruction. This therefore may cause interference to the normal urine flow.

Risk Factors of Benign Enlargement of Prostate

Risk Factors of Benign Enlargement of Prostate

Risk Factors of Benign Enlargement of Prostate

There are various risk factors involved in the promotion of benign prostrate enlargement. The most common include:

Age: This is a major factor that influences BPH. It is believed that more than a half of men at the age of 60 are at a great risk of contracting BPH while almost 85% of men at the age of 85 are at a greater risk of developing this health condition.

When will you take post coital pill?

When will you take post coital pill?

post coital pill

The post coital pill or emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) is approved for over-the-counter use by women over 17 years of age. Younger ones need to contact a health care provider for prescriptions. It is also called the morning-after pill or Plan B One-Step.  It should be taken immediately after an unprotected sex to protect the woman from getting pregnant. Though it works up to 72 hours after sex, it works best within 12 hours of unprotected sex. Emergency contraceptive pills (EPC)

Complication of abortion

Complication of abortion

Complication of abortion

Surgical abortion is a safe and legal procedure. Medical abortion has an even lower incidence of complications due to the fact that no anesthesia is used. Women may suffer immediate complications after an elective abortion. The complications of abortion should be explained thoroughly to every woman that will undergo this procedure. These complications can have a major impact on future pregnancies.

Differential diagnosis of white vaginal discharge

Differential diagnosis of white vaginal discharge

white vaginal discharge

Differential diagnosis is the determination of which one of the several diseases with similar symptoms is causing the patient’s condition. Vaginal discharge serves an important role in distinguishing abnormalities in the female reproductive system. Fluids that are produced by the glands in the vagina and cervix help to prevent infection by making it easy for the excretion of dead cells and bacteria.

The color and odor of the vaginal discharge depends on

Risk factors for the development of cervical carcinoma

Risk factors for the development of cervical carcinoma

cervical carcinoma

The second most common female malignancy in the world is cervical carcinoma. There are approximately 500,000 new cases each year. It is also considered as the third most common cause of female mortality.  Although it is the most preventable type of cancer, about 300,000 women worldwide die because of cervical cancer.

 Cervical cancer risk factor increases the chance of getting the disease but does not guarantee that cervical cancer will develop. Some of the risk factors such as

How will you know you are pregnant?

How will you know you are pregnant?

Are you pregnant?

The early symptoms of pregnancy aren't recognized immediately because it is often like what happens before and during menstruation. Every woman has different pregnancy experience, even from one pregnancy to the next. However, one of the most important pregnancy symptoms is a delayed or missed period.

One of the earliest pregnancy symptoms is spotting. This is due to the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall 6 to 12 days after conception. Sometimes, this is

Hormonal methods of contraception

Hormonal methods of contraception

Hormonal methods of contraception

Due to the variety of options available, woman experienced difficulty in which birth control method to use. In order to choose which the best one is, some factors are to consider. Affordability, convenience, efficacy, duration of action, advantages, side effects and protection from sexually transmitted diseases are some of these. Each woman, including their partners can decide which method to use. Hormonal contraception contains estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone only.

Hormonal contraceptives can interfere with the normal monthly cycle when taken correctly. It works by: (1) preventing the lining of the womb from growing to avoid

Barrier methods of contraception

Barrier methods of contraception

Barrier methods of contraception

Barriers are considered to be the oldest form of contraceptives. It prevents the passage of body fluids from a person to another. Aside from being a contraceptive, it is also used to prevent the transmission of STDs including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Unlike other methods of birth control, barriers are used only when having sexual intercourse. It has different uses, failure rate and effectiveness.

Condoms are made of latex (rubber), polyurethane (plastic), or sheep intestine. Condoms made of rubber and plastic help to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, while sheep intestine do not. There are two types of condoms: male and female.

Normal Menstrual Cycle

Normal Menstrual Cycle

Normal Menstrual Cycle

A female reproductive cycle or the well-known “menstrual cycle” is an episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes. It is also known by the terms menses, menstrual period or period. Each month, one of the ovaries releases an egg, a process called ovulation. This process allows for conception and implantation of new life. If ovulation takes place and the egg isn’t fertilized, the lining of the uterus sheds and flows from the uterus though the cervix and out of the body through the vagina.

Treatment of gastric outlet obstruction

Treatment of gastric outlet obstruction

Treatment

Treating a patient with gastric outlet obstruction complications depend entirely on the cause. This may require a patient to undergo endoscopic therapy - dilating the blockage using balloons or placing metallic stents that are self expendable, other types of medical therapies and surgery to remove the obstruction.

Although the treatments vary depending on the type of cause, the most commonly used methods are surgery and medication.

Sign and symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction

Sign and symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction

gastric outlet obstruction

In gastric outlet obstruction, vomiting has been singled out as the main symptom. This is a health condition that typically occurs after meals where the victim lets out undigested food that has no traces of bile. Historically, weight loss and peptic ulcers have been found to be very common in patients.

In cases where the condition has reached an advanced stage,

Risk factors of gastric outlet obstruction

Risk factors of gastric outlet obstruction

Gastric outlet obstruction refers to a medical condition where obstruction occurs at pylorus, a stomach outlet. Victims of this health condition exhibit recurrent vomiting of the food that is accumulated in the stomach which finds it hard to pass through the small intestines because of the obstruction. Naturally, the stomach contracts and expands to allow in the intake of food and secretion respectively.

Complications of Diabetes mellitus

Complications of Diabetes mellitus

Long term complications can result from all types of diabetes. However, this may take long to develop (10 to 20 years) and for those who have not bothered to diagnose the condition before that period, this could be the first symptoms. Long term complications are related to damaged blood vessels.

Role of food on the development of Diabetes mellitus

Role of food on the development of Diabetes mellitus

Food plays a pivotal role in influencing the development of diabetes mellitus. There are certain foods that are commonly found on the market that may pose a great risk to your health if care is not taken. It is believed that diabetes affects over 23 million people across United States. 8% of the entire population has problems with their pancreas either producing low levels of insulin or the insulin produced is not efficiently utilized to check the blood sugar levels in the body. Therefore, feeding on a health diet can help you take good control of the blood sugar in your body and also help one to improve on eye, endocrine and heart health systems.

Risk factors of Diabetes mellitus

Risk factors of Diabetes mellitus

Risk factors of Diabetes mellitus

Different types of diabetes mellitus have different risk factors. In type 1 of the diabetes mellitus the following factors influence the development of this condition:

·        Hereditary: In a family that one close relative suffers from diabetes, chances of another family member developing the same ranges from 10 to 15 percent.

·        Proteins derived from the cow’s milk: consuming cow’s milk in the early stages of your childhood can expose you to the risk of developing this condition.

·        Childhood or fetal viral infections

·        High blood pressure during the expectancy period ( Preeclampsia) can lead to the baby developing type 1 diabetes.

·        Birth weight that is above 9.9 pounds

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases associated with metabolism whereby the victim exhibits a high level of blood sugar. This condition may be triggered by the inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin or when the cells do not show any response to the quantity of the produced insulin.

Patent ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus

The PDA refers to a congenital heart disorder that occurs when after birth, the neonate’s ductus arteriosus refuses to close. In most cases, there are no signs or early symptoms; however, during the first year, symptoms such as increased breathing rates and low weight gain can be experienced. This may be aggravated with age and if nothing is done to correct the anomaly; it can lead to congestive heart failure. As such, the ductus arteriosus refers to a normal fetal blood vessel that shuts down immediately after birth.

Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot

This refers to a congenital heart complication involving 4 types of anatomical heart abnormalities. However, only three of these conditions are common. In fact, TOF stands out as the most common cyanotic heart condition and the commonest cause of a condition known as blue baby syndrome.

Classification of Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital Heart Disease

Classification of Congenital Heart Disease

There exist different classification systems of congenital heart defects. It was in the year 2000 when an international congenital heart naming was founded to offer a generic system of classification. In this case, various congenital defects were discovered and these include:

Treatment of Deviated nasal septum

Treatment of Deviated nasal septum

Deviated nasal septum

In less severe cases, the symptoms can be managed by simple medications like antihistamines, nasal sprays and decongestants. However, medication is a temporary method of relieving the pain as it does not actually rectify the situation. Nevertheless, medication to the symptoms associated with septal deviation can be done in form of a slight surgery process commonly known as septoplasty.

This surgery procedure is quickly performed –lasting for about an hour and does not involve any kind of cosmetic changes or scars externally. One who has undergone this surgery may take 4 days to completely heal. However, it is important to note that after the surgery, the septal bones do not re-grow. In some cases, the symptoms may reappear but this may be due to a different cause and not anything related to deviation.

Signs and symptoms of Deviated nasal septum

Signs and symptoms of Deviated nasal septum

In septum nasal deviation, the most common symptoms include the sinus infections which lead to sleep apnea, recurrent sneezing, snoring, pains in the face, nose bleeding, breathing difficulties and slight to complete loss of smelling ability. In essence, nasal septum refers to the bone and cartilage separating the nasal cavity into two – hence, the two nostrils. The cartilage on the other hand, is commonly referred to as quadrangular cartilage and the septum bones include vomer, ethmoid perpendicular plate and the maxillary crest. Usually, the septum is located at the centre forming symmetrical nasal passages.

Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS)

Deviated Nasal Septum

This is a nose physical disorder which involves the displacement of the nasal septum

Cause and type of Deviated nasal septum

Deviated Nasal Septum

The causes of nasal deviation septum is mostly caused by physical trauma such as a blow to the nose or it can also occur due to congenital disorder resulting  from a compression of the nose at birth,  before or it can occur during the first month after birth as a neonatal disease regardless of the cause. Among these health conditions, there are those associated with structural deformations commonly referred to as congenital anomalies and they involve damaging of the developing fetus.

Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Homocystinuria are some of the connective tissue disorders associated with septum deviation. The congenital disorder may occur as a result of the genetic abnormalities, infection, chromosomal abnormalities, morphogenesis errors and intrauterine environment. However, the gravity of the disorder is mainly dependent on the complex interactions of the pre-natal deficits and the post natal environment. Studies done on animals reveal that the intake of vitamins and increased glucose levels by either the mother or the father shortly before ovulating and conception pose a long term effect on the growth of the fetus;  adolescent and mature stages of the disease. The cause and abnormalities influence the type of congenital disorders and anything that may result to birth defection is called teratogen.

TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS

TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS

TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS

Treatment depends on age, severity of symptoms, and severity of disease, as well as whether one plans to have children in the future.  If one has pain or bleeding but are not planning to get pregnant soon, birth control hormones (patch, pills, or ring) or anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) may be advised to control pain. Birth control hormones are likely to keep endometriosis from getting worse. Also, surgery may be needed if the implants are affecting other organs and this is to remove endometrial growths and scar tissue.  In dealing with infertility, one should consider trying fertility drugs with insemination or in vitro fertilization.

ENDOMETRIOSIS

ENDOMETRIOSIS

ENDOMETRIOSIS

In the fast-paced, modern world that we live in today, people are so busy that we sometimes do not notice the changes that our bodies undergo.  Women, especially, must be aware of these developments, since it is the female reproductive organs that go through changes every month.

One of the problems that commonly affect a woman’s reproductive system is endometriosis.

NASAL POLYP

NASAL POLYP

NASAL POLYP

A nasal polyp is an inflammatory condition that is associated with the lining of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal mucosa. Nasal polyps are actually movable grape-like overgrowths that emerge as a result of inflammation of the lining of the nasal lining that project into the centre of the nose. These overgrowths are soft, lack sensation and may go unnoticed for a long time. This condition is inclined to adults. However, when suspected in children below the age of ten, cystic fibrosis is ruled out.

Management of Meningitis

Management of Meningitis

Management of Meningitis

The management in meningitis resembles that of the management of other infections. If the causative agent is likely to be a bacteria, antibiotics are readily introduced to the patient even before the result of the lumbar puncture this is to decrease any instances of worsening the disease before the results was read.  Drugs that are commonly used are Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone or  Cloramphenicol, in some instances one of which is combined with another strong drug such as vancomycin or ampicillin. Some practitioners also add steroids as adjuvant treatment due to the relevant decrease of hearing loss in patients on the antibiotic adjunct with steroids, to include that better prognosis is also observed.

Meningitis

Meningitis

Meningitis

The two most important parts of the Central nervous system is embraced by a fibrous connective tissue, the meninges. It provides protection, support and nourishment.  There are three layers of the meninges, the dura mater contains spaces which collect blood from the small veins of the brain. The arachnoid’s crucial function is the production of cerebrospinal fluid. The last most inner layer, the pia mater, tightly bounds the surface of the brain and the spinal cord.

How is an acute appendicitis treated?

How is an acute appendicitis treated?

appendix

 It is always common in the ER that when a client presents right quadrant abdominal pain a doctor will suspect a case of acute appendicitis. It is not yet a definite diagnosis since abdominal pain alone can have a number of etiology and to be able to rule out certain conditions a clinician will have to first order a series of diagnostic tests to validate his impression of the condition. These tests are ordered since relying only on the judgement based on the presenting signs and symptoms are not reliable indicators to diagnose a problem since some are similar with the signs and symptoms of other varying gastrointestinal conditions and most often some will present atypical cues.